James G. Callander

a Falkirk Architect of the 1930s

Although it is often stated that James Gavin Callander was a native of Shotts (born on 14 May 1881, the son of John Callander and Ann Allardyce), he came to Falkirk at an early age and was educated at Falkirk High School.  He was articled to Alexander Gauld, architect, of Falkirk in 1896 and remained for eight years as an assistant after completing his apprenticeship. He studied art and architecture at the Falkirk School of Arts in Park Street whilst serving his apprenticeship.  He commenced practice on his own account in 1908 and took over Gauld’s practice around 1912.  Starting out in the business of an architect in Falkirk cannot have been easy as there were already several established architectural firms.  Consequently, J G Callander took on many small tasks such as extensions to factories, industrial sheds, and alterations to existing buildings.  He was often called in to provide reports on school buildings, particularly when previous repairs had gone wrong.  He also drew up plans of the scenes of motoring accidents for use in court cases and acted as a land surveyor in the sale or exchange of ground.  From early on his income was supplemented by acting as an estate agent, selling small residential and retail properties.

Illus 1: Villa in Wellside Place.

One of J G Callander’s first commissions, in 1909, was for a villa in Wellside Place for the law clerk R H Menzies who also sold properties from his office in Bank Street, and this may have been the point of contact between the two young men.

As a student J G Callander won several prizes for measured drawings, including the elevations of Dalmeny Church and St Michael’s Church in Linlithgow.  He had an artist’s eye and from 1911 was a committee member of the Falkirk School of Art Club.

 His commissions as an architect gave him not only the scope to ornament the facades of many of his buildings but also to provide the interior decorative schemes and colours.

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Illus 2: The War Memorial in Falkirk Parish Church.

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Many of his commissions came through his social and sporting contacts – notably Falkirk Parish Church, the golf clubs at Carmuirs, Glenbervie and Tryst, as well as the football clubs of Falkirk and East Stirlingshire.  The church gave J G Callander a chance early in his career to express his artistic abilities as well as his structural expertise when it got him to design the war memorial inside the building.  In his earlier years he was an enthusiastic footballer and played for Falkirk Amateurs Football Club and, also as an amateur, for the Falkirk Football Club, as an inside forward.  He attended most of the games played at Brockville Park and was the architect for the club’s grandstand.  He had an influential circle of friends including provosts and ex-provosts of the burgh. 

J G Callander followed the old tradition of presenting whoever opened his public buildings with an inscribed key or other gift on behalf of himself and the various contractors, promoting further support.

Illus 3 : J G Callander presenting W G Murray with a gold key at the opening (Falkirk Herald 19 March 1938, 4).

Illus 4: Key inscribed: “PRESENTED BY THE ARCHITECT AND CONTRACTORS TO/W.G.MURRAY.ESQ. CHAIRMAN/FALKIRK & DISTRICT United Co-operative Society Ltd. ON THE OCCASION/OF/HIS OPENING/THE SUPER STORE/VICAR STREET/FALKIRK/12TH MARCH 1938”

J G Callander was a “client’s architect” in that he gave the commissioning body what it wanted at more or less the price agreed and as a result often had repeat work for the same company.  This was particularly noticeable with the local co-operative movements whose early commissions he won by competitive tender until he became their architect of choice.  On a lesser scale he also did several projects for other commercial bodies such as J Baird and Co, James Aitken and Co, Walter Alexander and Sons, and Alexanders’ Stores.

Using his various contacts, including past commercial business clients, he was able to acquire land on which to build speculatively.  He constructed higher class villas, bungalows and flatted dwellings on his own account and then sold them on the open market.  He was building throughout the depression which kept him and a host of tradesmen in work.  This endeared him not only to those tradesmen, whose loyalty he was able to rely upon, but also to the town council.  A man of keen foresight and unquestionable enterprise, he undertook successfully a large amount of speculative building in the town.  In this connection his first development was a scheme of bungalows which, jointly with R Maxwell, he built in Major’s Loan where he lived.  Later he developed ground at the Nurseries off Kerse Lane with a scheme of flats.  Latterly his sphere extended to Larbert where he undertook a big scheme of bungalow building at Stirling Road. 

Illus 5: Bungalows at Stirling Road.

In its present appearance the east end of the town centre in Falkirk owes much to J G Callander.  He designed the bus station and the shops at its south-west corner, including the short arcade.  In that same block were Doak’s dance hall and Haston’s garage.  A little further north the residential area consisting of Garden Terrace and Garden Street was his creation.

However, the buildings most associated with J G Callendar are in the town centre.  His masterpiece is undoubtedly the Co-operative superstore in Kirk Wynd which dominated the approach to the High Street from the north.  It is described variously as “Art Deco,” “Egyptian” or “Modern,” though it is a unique eclectic mix of various styles.

The earlier buildings that J G Callander worked on were often plain industrial structures such as bakeries, aerated water works and breweries, or traditional stone buildings such as St Modan’s Church and the offices for Springfield Sawmill (both 1914) or the Co-op store on High Station Road (1923).  However, the superstore at Camelon (1913) showed that he had a good eye for proportion and detail as well as an ability to integrate modern constructional techniques.  The detailing in the stonework, the use of a granite plinth and huge display windows at that site were coming into vogue and over the next two decades J G Callander was able to harness their complete potential.  Here too we see the use of banded pilasters which were to become a hallmark of much of his work whether in stone or concrete/cement, in commercial premises or private dwellings.  Before long he stopped using rounded corners for the buildings at major road junctions and preferred chamfered or canted ones, dispensing with the corner tower/turret and introducing entablatures.  The use of steel frames allowed for wide spans to be used for shop fronts or garage entrances.  The best shop fronts of the 1920s and 1930s were made with ornate bronze frames.  Slim steel windows were also extensively used in the upper floors to admit more light, and to produce horizontal lines and modern aesthetics.  Occasionally concrete or cement fronts were integrated in order to reduce costs but compensated for by studding them with geometric ornament.  It was, however, the continued use of high quality stone that marks his better-known buildings.

What was perhaps his last big undertaking was the preparation of sketch plans for the construction of a large fire station for Falkirk in 1941 on empty ground at the junction of Cockburn Street and the Howgate.  These plans had been approved by Falkirk Council which was being pressed by the government to improve its fire-fighting capabilities in preparation for the Second World War.  Unfortunately, the Council’s response was too late and with the development of the auxiliary fire service the new station ceased to be a priority and was never built.  J G Callander died on 6 March 1942 at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary where he had gone to undergo an operation.  He was just 60 years of age and was survived by his wife, Isobel Thomson.  His commercial success can be gauged from the fact that he left a moveable estate of £25,148 12s.

TABLE:

List of Buildings designed/overseen by J G Callander.

Click on the hyperlinks (in blue type) to read a description of some of the individual buildings arranged by year of construction.
DATESITE (*click on blue type for details)LOCATIONESTIMATED COST
1909* Redecoration and Repair of ChurchFalkirk Parish Church, Manse Place£400
1909* VillaWellside Place for R H Menzies– – –
1910* Shop & DwellingCorner of Mission Lane/Cow Wynd for Mrs M Stark– – –
1910Tenement BlockGrahamsdyke St, Laurieston for Mary Marshall– – –
1911* Internal AlterationsAlexanders’ Stores Ltd, High St, Falkirk– – –
1911CottageAirth for A Armstrong, merchant– – –
1912* Mission HallGrahamston Evangelistic Mission, Millar Hall, Gowan Avenue£800
1912* Large Extension to BakeryGrahamston & Bainsford Co-operative Soc Ltd, Dalderse Avenue– – –
1912Rebuild HouseMain St, Laurieston for Mary Marshall– – –
1912Billiard Saloon121 Grahams Rd for Train & McIntyre– – –
1913* Shopping Super-StoreCamelon Co-operative Soc Ltd, Main St/ Hedges– – –
1913* Halls (Cinema)Camelon Co-operative Soc Ltd, Burnside– – –
1914* Large Factory ExtensionA G Barr, Parkhead, Glasgow– – –
1914* Clerk of Works at St Modan’s ChurchHodge Street£5,000
1914* Sawmill OfficesJ Baird & Sons, Grahams Road– – –
1914School Board ReportsDrumbowie School, Standburn (1914, 1917 & 1918)– – –
1915Reconstruction681-683 Carron Rd for Mr Scobie & Mrs J Smith– – –
1915-1918* Explosives Factory BuildingsNobel, Westquarter Works, Redding– – –
1916* Extension to SawmillJ Baird & Sons, Springfield Sawmill, Grahams Road – – –
1916* Model BakeryR Mathieson & Sons, 68-72 High St– – –
1917Alterations162 Grahams Rd for R & G Colvin– – –
1917Alterations61 Alma St for J Lamb– – –
1917 & 1920* Reconstruction of CinemaThe Cinema, Melville Street– – –
1918* SawmillBantaskine, Glenfuir Rd– – –
1918AlterationsMajor’s Loan/Woodlands Cres for AL Aitken– – –
1919* Model DairyGrahamston & Bainsford Co-operative Soc Ltd, Hendry St, Bainsford– – –
1919* Foundry OfficeGrahamston Iron Co, Gowan Ave– – –
1919Printing WorksMeeks Rd, Falkirk for John Blaikie– – –
1919Extension4 Camelon Rd for WA Andrews– – –
1919Extension to Moulding ShopGowanbank Ironworks for M Cockburn & Co Ltd– – –
1920* Cinema, 5 Shops & TearoomJ & A Thomson – reconstruction at the corner of Newmarket Street and Vicar Street£6,000
1920Alteration to propertyJames St for R Henderson– – –
1920BungalowCamelon Rd for R Maxwell– – –
1920 Domestic GarageDromore, Major’s Loan for N Stein– – –
1920 Domestic GarageElrigg, Major’s Loan for TW Howie – – –
1920 Electrical Dept. and ExtensionGowanbank Iron Works for Cockburn & Co Ltd – – –
1921WarehouseGowanbank Iron Works for Cockburn & Co – – –
1921 * VillaMansionhouse Rd/Brown St, Camelon, for Walter Alexander – – –
1921 AlterationsCottage, Woodlands Cres for Norman D Roberson – – –
1921 Extention to Moulding ShopGowanbank Iron Works for Cockburn & Co Ltd – – –
1921 AlterationsManor St for Thomas Dryburgh – – –
1922* War MemorialFalkirk Parish Church, Manse Place£300
19222 Bungalows13 & another Major’s Loan (joint project with J Maxwell & Son) – – –
1922* BungalowCorner of Major’s Place/Rennie St for John W Blackadder – – –
1922Fire ReplacementsGowanbank Iron Works for Cockburn & Co Ltd – – –
1923* Golf ClubhouseFalkirk Golf Club, Carmuirs£1,550
1923* War MemorialTryst Golf Clubhouse – – –
1923* Reconstruct Hotel as Temperance CafeCrown Hotel, High St/ Lint Riggs – – –
1923* VillaMajor’s Place for Frank Frazer£1,400
1923BungalowAlbert Rd for William L Hannah – – –
1923Public HouseCallendar Road Tavern, Callendar Rd £550
1923* Shop StoreGrahamston and Bainsford Co-operative Society central premises, Cow Wynd – – –
1923Alterations to HouseLaurieston for J Waddell – – –
1923 Alterations to House Burnhead, Larbert, for Misses Bauchop – – –
1923 Domestic Garage & Alterations (1924)19 Grahams Rd – – –
1923 VillaMajor’s Place for JG Callander – – –
1923VillaMajor’s Loan for J Maxwell & Sons – – –
1924 Bungalow1 Street, Carmuirs for DG Mailer – – –
1924 BungalowMajor’s Place for James Kean – – –
1924 Alterations to Public HouseColonial Bar, Grahams Rd, for H Duffy – – –
1924 Reconstruction of Bakery (ext 1939)Dalderse Ave, Grahamston, for Falkirk & District Utd Co-op Soc Ltd – – –
1924 Extension to Rear161 High St for Henry Dillon – – –
1924Alterations to Brass FoundryGowanbank Iron Works for Cockburn & Co Ltd – – –
1925StablesFalkirk & District Co-operative Soc Ltd, Thornhill Rd £530
1925 BungalowGartcows Rd for A Lang Grant – – –
1925 4 BungalowsMajor’s Place for JG Callander£3,700
1925 Alterations to PropertyMaddiston for John Haldane, tailor – – –
1925 ExtensionNewlands House, Brightons for RG Hunter. – – –
1925 VillaBrightons for Alice Davidson – – –
1925 BungalowFerry Road, Larbert for JJ & P McLachlan – – –
1925 HouseLaurieston for JG Callander – – –
1925 Petrol PumpKing St, Stenhousemuir, for Dempster & Sons – – –
1925 Flatted HousesGarden St/Terr for JG Callander – – –
1925 BungalowThe Nursery for Elizabeth & James Summers – – –
1925 &1927Extension to Bus GarageBrown St for Walter Alexander & Sons Ltd – – –
1926* 2 Flatted HousesMajor’s Place/ Gartcows Road.£1,450
1926 * Alterations to BelfryFalkirk Parish Church – – –
1926 * 6 Flatted HousesThe Nursery, Kerse Lane – – –
1926 * Alterations to BankDenny branch of TSB – – –
1926 BungalowBonnyside Rd, Bonnybridge for JG Callander – – –
1926 Heating ChamberFalkirk Parish Church – – –
1927* Petrol GarageCallendar Rd for Douglas Haston £7,821
1927BungalowCamelon Road for JG Callander£950
1927Alterations to ShopAlexanders’ Store, Horsemarket Lane£350
1927BungalowsCamelon Rd for JG Callander £1,000
1927 Villa and GarageMajor’s Place for JG Callander£1,750
1927 Villa and Garage Major’s Loan for JG Callander£1,675
1927 Petrol GarageCallendar Rd for John M Millar – – –
1927 Petrol Garage Western Ave for Wm Renton – – –
1927 * Large Bakery ExtensionDalderse Ave for Falkirk & District Co-operative Soc Ltd – – –
1927 * Alterations to Corner ShopVincent Serafini, West Bridge St/ Wellside Terrace£300
1927 Alterations to Shop High St for JA Geddes ltd – – –
1927 ExtensionStation Hotel, Larbert, for J Aitken & Co – – –
1927 Model DairyUnion St, Bainsford, for Falkirk & District Utd Co-op Soc Ltd – – –
1927 Trimming Shop & StoresBrown St for Walter Alexander & Sons Ltd – – –
1928 Bungalow 17 Camelon Rd for W R Pollock, grocer – – –
1928 * GrandstandFalkirk Football Club, Brockville £8,000
1928 Villa and GarageThe Hawthorns, 13 Camelon Rd for William George Wright – – –
1928 Callendar Rd – – –
1928 Conversion of Shops to HousingMain St, Larbert, for Falkirk & District Co-op Soc – – –
1929* BankFalkirk TSB head office High St/ Cow Wynd£10,000
1929 * PavillionEast Stirlingshire Football Club, Firs St £1,000
1929 Alterations to Shop20-24 Kirk Wynd for JW Armstrong Ltd – – –
1929 Alterations North Lodge, Millfield for JG Stein & Co Ltd – – –
1929 Alterations 4-12 Glasgow Rd, Camelon – – –
1930* Meat FactoryFalkirk & District Utd Co-operative Soc Ltd, Western Avenue – – –
1930 * ShopCallendar Riggs for JHD Crawford – – –
1930 * Addition & Alterations to HotelRoyal Hotel, High St, for JW Koop – – –
1930 * Reconstruction11 Grahams Rd for Ironfounding Workers’ Assoc£900
1930 * Villa and Garage Dakar, Camelon Rd/Maggie Woods Loan for Herbert B Robertson – – –
1931* Bus Station & OfficesWalter Alexander & Sons, Callendar Riggs £2,800
1931 * SuperstoreFalkirk & District Utd Co-operative Soc Ltd, Main Street, Larbert£16,000
1931 * ShopFalkirk & District Utd Co-operative Soc Ltd, Thornhill Rd£7,500
1931 * Public HouseArgyll Bar, Vicar St – – –
1931 Shop AlterationsWilliam Brown’s, High St (E of Burnhead Lane) – – –
1931 ReconstructionMain St, Polmont, for Mrs Middlemas – – –
1931 Living AccommodationOver bus shed in Larbert Rd for Falkirk & District Traction Co – – –
1931 Shop & DwellingHigh Station Rd for L Baird (42-46 Cow Wynd) – – –
1932* Golf ClubhouseGlenbervie Golf Club, Stirling Rd, Glenbervie £3,000
1932 * Houses and BungalowsCamelon Rd for JG Callander£1,000
1932 Bungalow Corner of Kilns Entry/27 Camelon Rd for John Millar – – –
1932 Grocery Shop / Bungalow Hawley St for Matthew Taylor£400
1932 Shop / Bungalow Moncks Rd for J Mochrie – – –
1932 Flatted Houses1-3 Garden St for JG Callander £1,200
1932 Bungalow Garden St – – –
1932 Bungalow 22 Albert Rd for Daniel M Millar – – –
1932 2 Flatted Houses9-11 Camelon Rd for JG Callander£1,650
1932 6 Flatted Houses10-18 Garden Terrace Nursery for JG Callander£3,900
1932 Bungalow21 Camelon Rd for JG Callander £1,100
1932 ShopRedding for W Burleigh – – –
1932 Bungalow Linlithgow Bridge for James Allan, baker – – –
1932 8 Semi-Detached BungalowsLarbert for Stenhousemuir Building & Investment Society – – –
1932 3 Semi-Detached Bungalows Stenhousemuir for Stenhousemuir Building & Investment Society – – –
1932ReconstructionConvert old infirmary into hostel for married couples & single men for Mrs J Wilson – – –
1933GarageCockburn Street for Thomas Heatlie – – –
1933 * Flatted Houses1-3/ 5-7 Major’s Loan for JG Callander – – –
1933 * Dancing Academy & HallDoak’s Hall, Meadow St£3,400
1933 2 Flatted Villas19-21 Gartcows Rd (Maggie Wood’s Loan) for JG Callander£1,800
1933 * Shopping CentreFalkirk Bus Station, Callendar Riggs £12,000
1933 AlterationsManuel Brickworks, Whitecross for JG Stein & Co Ltd – – –
1933 BungalowNorth Broomage for J Murray – – –
1933 Alterations to HousesShillinghill, Bonnybridge, for JG Stein & Co – – –
1933 Alterations to Houses Waverley Place, High Bonnybridge for JG Stein – – –
1933 ReconstructionHigh Station Rd for William Fleming (30-32 Cow Wynd) – – –
1933 Alterations 15 Wooer St for Falkirk Pawnbroking Co – – –
193412 Flatted Houses 15 Garden St & 21-23 Garden Terrace for JG Callander£7,880
1934 Bungalow Maggie Wood’s Loan for JG Callander£1,000
1934 Bungalow Slamannan Rd £650
1934 * 20 Bungalows & 2 StreetsThe Kilns & Westbank (Burnbrae Gdns) for JG Callander£15,500
1934 * Garage & ShowroomThomas Laurie & Co Ltd, West Bridge Street £3,200
1934 Bungalow Stirling Rd for JG Callander – – –
1934ExtensionCleveleys, Camelon Rd, for Walter Alexander jnr– – –
1934-8 * SuperstoreFalkirk & District Utd Co-operative Soc Ltd, Kirk Wynd/ Bank St £50,000
1935 * Shop & Entrance to Bus StationCallendar Road for Walter Alexander – – –
1935 Bungalow 51 Slamannan Rd for JG Callander £650
1935* ShopAlexanders’ Stores, new premises – – –
1935 Bungalow Stirling Rd for JG Callander – – –
1935ReconstructionChurch Cottage, Denny Rd, Larbert – – –
1935 AlterationsHouse in Denny Rd, Larbert, for Church Officer, Larbert Parish Church – – –
1935 8 Semi-Detached Bungalows Stenhousemuir for Stenhousemuir Buildings & Investment Co – – –
1935 Conversion of 2 Shops into 11-6 East Bridge St for William Brown – – –
1935 4 Flatted Houses 21/23 & 25/27 Oliver Rd for JC Armstrong – – –
1935 Shop Callander Rd for H McMaster – – –
1935 Fitting Shop Mungal Foundry for Carron Co – – –
1936 Extension Dunrowan Nursing Home – – –
1936 * Shops & Dwellings Kidd’s Buildings, Cockburn St – – –
1936 * Reconstruction Callendar Rd Tavern for James Aitken & Co Ltd – – –
1937 Bungalows ?Queen’s Dr, Bantaskine – – –
1937 * Office Block & BankAllied Ironfounders and Bank of Scotland, 175 Grahams Rd – – –
1937 11 Semi-Detached Bungalows Goshen for JG Callander – – –
1937 Bungalow Pretoria Rd for JG Callander – – –
1937 Bungalows The Kilns – – –
1937 AlterationsBlinkbonny Rd – – –
1937 Timber ShedSpringfield Sawmill for J Baird & Co – – –
1937 Workshops, Stores & GarageBrockville House for Stirlingshire & Falkirk Water Board – – –
1938 Bungalows Stirling Rd, Larbert – – –
1938 * Bottling PlantJames Aitken & Co (Falkirk) Ltd, Falkirk Brewery, Newmarket St. £20,000
1938 Double VillaGarden St, east side £1,600
1938 * Furniture StoreJames Grant & Co Ltd, Cow Wynd – – –
1938 Alterations Nurses’ Home, Waggon Road, Brightons – – –
1938 Flatted Houses Russell St & Alma St for JK Millar Ltd – – –
1938 Bungalow Larbert Old Parish Church – – –
1938 2 Flatted Houses West side of Garden St for JG Callander – – –
1938 VillaThe Kilns for JJ & P McLachlan – – –
1938 Bank, Shop & OfficeNewmarket St for North of Scotland Bank – – –
1939 Detached Bungalows Goshen, Stenhousemuir – – –
1939 2 Blocks of 2 Flatted DwellingsAlbert Rd, south side£3,200
1939 Alterations Lorraine Place, Rumford, for Mrs J Laing – – –
1939 8 Semi-Detached Bungalows Stirling Rd for JG Callander – – –
1939 4 Semi-Detached Houses & 1 DetachedLarbert for Stenhousemuir Building & Investment Society – – –
1939 Reconstruction73 Grahams Rd – – –
1939 Reconstruction Wallace St – – –
1939 Alterations Main St, Bainsford, for George E Sproul – – –
1941Conversion of Villa into HousesClayknowes for JG Stein & Co Ltd – – –
1941Fire Station & Firemen’s HousesCockburn St/ Howgate – – –
Illus: Ordnance Survey Map of Falkirk Town Centre in 1947 (National Library of Scotland).
1 – Falkirk Parish Church; 2 – villa Wellside Place; 3 – shop, Cow Wynd; 4 – Alexanders’ Stores; 5 – St Modan’s Church; 6 – Mathieson’s bakery; 7 – The Cinema; 8 – Salon Cinema; 9 – Temperance Café; 10 – Callendar Road Tavern; 11 – Garden Terrace/Garden Street; 12 – shop, West Bridge Street’; 13 – Haston’s Garage; 14 – Falkirk & Counties Savings Bank; 15 – Crawford’s shop, Callendar Riggs; 16 – Royal Hotel; 17 – bus station; 18 – Argyll Bar; 19 – Doak’s dance hall; 20 – Callendar Riggs shopping centre; 21 – Laurie’s Garage; 22 – milk bar; 23 – Kidd’s Buildings; 24 – Falkirk Co-op superstore; 25 – Falkirk Brewery bottling plant; 26 – Grant’s furniture store.
Illus: The houses behind the Co-operative Funeral Home in Garden Terrace and Garden Street were built speculatively by J G Callander.

G. B. Bailey, 2021